是什麼使美國冰凍的極地渦旋?

為何通常被束縛在北極的寒冷空氣,有時會傾瀉到遠至佛羅里達州南部

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編者按(5/8/20):這個母親節週末降臨美國東北部的嚴寒天氣是由極地渦旋引起的,極地渦旋已成為該地區的剋星。該渦旋在2014年使該國東部地區冰凍時聲名鵲起。我們當時對這種現象的解釋也適用於本週。

當我寫下這些文字時,美國一半地區的溫度正在像石頭一樣驟降。根據國家氣象局的預報,今晚將出現極端低溫:北達科他州法戈零下 32 華氏度;威斯康星州麥迪遜零下 21 華氏度;芝加哥和印第安納波利斯零下 15 華氏度。在某些地方,風寒將達到離奇的零下 60 華氏度,在一分鐘內凍結裸露的皮膚。根據 NASA 在那裡自由行駛的好奇號探測器的資料,這個數字更像是火星——在夜晚的溫度。

隨著時間一分一秒地過去,越來越多的電視和廣播記者將這種瘋狂的寒冷歸因於加拿大北部的“極地渦旋”。渦旋,沒錯,但加拿大北部?不完全是。一位預報員稱這種猛獸為北極地區的颶風,這很戲劇化,但卻是錯誤的。那麼,這個神秘的奇蹟是什麼?它為何入侵美國?


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極地渦旋是一種盛行風模式,它環繞北極,從西向東環繞地球。它通常將極冷的空氣束縛在北極附近。然而,有時渦旋會減弱,使冷空氣傾瀉而下,穿過加拿大進入美國,或進入其他地區,如東歐。除了帶來寒冷之外,氣團還可以將急流——通常從太平洋流經美國的那股風帶——也推向更南的地方。如果急流奮力抵抗,它所攜帶的水汽就會以降雪的形式落下,大氣科學家表示,這就是導致 2010 年 2 月“雪災”風暴關閉華盛頓特區的情況。

但為什麼渦旋會減弱?現在變得有趣了。夏季,越來越多的北極海冰正在融化。融化的冰越多,北冰洋就越溫暖。海洋在冬季將大部分多餘的熱量輻射回大氣層,從而擾亂極地渦旋。過去十年的資料表明,當夏季大量北極海冰消失時,如果相關的大氣條件在北大西洋上空盛行,渦旋往往會在隨後的冬季減弱。情況看起來有點像下圖所示。(有關完整解釋,請參閱隨附圖形的《大眾科學》文章。)

儘管北極夏季海冰的範圍每年都有所不同,但總體而言,自 2007 年以來,海冰一直在顯著減少,並且預計將繼續進一步消失。這可能意味著極地渦旋會遇到更多麻煩,並且會出現更多寒冷爆發——這似乎與“全球變暖”相矛盾,但與“氣候變化”並不矛盾。

圖片來源:XNR Productions

Mark Fischetti has been a senior editor at 大眾科學 for 17 years and has covered sustainability issues, including climate, weather, environment, energy, food, water, biodiversity, population, and more. He assigns and edits feature articles, commentaries and news by journalists and scientists and also writes in those formats. He edits History, the magazine's department looking at science advances throughout time. He was founding managing editor of two spinoff magazines: 大眾科學 Mind and 大眾科學 Earth 3.0. His 2001 freelance article for the magazine, "Drowning New Orleans," predicted the widespread disaster that a storm like Hurricane Katrina would impose on the city. His video What Happens to Your Body after You Die?, has more than 12 million views on YouTube. Fischetti has written freelance articles for the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, Smithsonian, Technology Review, Fast Company, and many others. He co-authored the book Weaving the Web with Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, which tells the real story of how the Web was created. He also co-authored The New Killer Diseases with microbiologist Elinor Levy. Fischetti is a former managing editor of IEEE Spectrum Magazine and of Family Business Magazine. He has a physics degree and has twice served as the Attaway Fellow in Civic Culture at Centenary College of Louisiana, which awarded him an honorary doctorate. In 2021 he received the American Geophysical Union's Robert C. Cowen Award for Sustained Achievement in Science Journalism, which celebrates a career of outstanding reporting on the Earth and space sciences. He has appeared on NBC's Meet the Press, CNN, the History Channel, NPR News and many news radio stations. Follow Fischetti on X (formerly Twitter) @markfischetti

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