各國用水量是多少?

人口驅動需求,但肉類等用水密集型食物也是如此

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我們每天都聽到需要節約淡水。這個目標似乎是明智的——儘管如果不使用可靠的方法來量化各國的用水量,就無法知道人類是否正在取得任何進展。為了找出答案,荷蘭特溫特大學的工程師阿冉·霍克斯特拉和梅斯芬·梅科寧計算了世界各國的水足跡以及這些國家的人均用水量。

總體而言,世界每年用水量為 90870 億立方米。中國、印度和美國年用水總量最高,分別為 12070 億、11820 億和 10530 億立方米,其次是巴西,為 4820 億立方米。但是,這些國家和其他國家的人均用水量差異很大,這主要是由於較高的生活水平或消費者普遍存在的浪費。美國的人均水足跡是世界上最高的,為每年 2842 立方米。霍克斯特拉說,肉類消費佔美國資料的 30%,糖消費佔另外 15%。在印度,很少有人消費大量肉類,人均足跡每年僅為 1089 立方米。全球人均年平均值為 1385 立方米。

正如您可能猜到的那樣,人口稠密的國家使用大量水來生產食物和產品,但是低效的農業或對肉類等用水密集型食物的依賴可能會加劇需求。一些國家還以食物和產品的形式出口大量水,從而使其自身的水平衡複雜化,正如《大眾科學》2012 年 6 月號“圖解科學”專欄中所示。


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霍克斯特拉和梅科寧進行了詳盡的計算,以計算出每個國家的水足跡。基本上,他們添加了三個量:雨水消耗量(所謂的綠色水足跡);地表水和地下水的使用量(藍色);以及受汙染的灰水(因此被消耗掉)的量。具體的計算方法可以在他們的線上論文及其補充材料中找到。

Mark Fischetti has been a senior editor at 大眾科學 for 17 years and has covered sustainability issues, including climate, weather, environment, energy, food, water, biodiversity, population, and more. He assigns and edits feature articles, commentaries and news by journalists and scientists and also writes in those formats. He edits History, the magazine's department looking at science advances throughout time. He was founding managing editor of two spinoff magazines: 大眾科學 Mind and 大眾科學 Earth 3.0. His 2001 freelance article for the magazine, "Drowning New Orleans," predicted the widespread disaster that a storm like Hurricane Katrina would impose on the city. His video What Happens to Your Body after You Die?, has more than 12 million views on YouTube. Fischetti has written freelance articles for the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, Smithsonian, Technology Review, Fast Company, and many others. He co-authored the book Weaving the Web with Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, which tells the real story of how the Web was created. He also co-authored The New Killer Diseases with microbiologist Elinor Levy. Fischetti is a former managing editor of IEEE Spectrum Magazine and of Family Business Magazine. He has a physics degree and has twice served as the Attaway Fellow in Civic Culture at Centenary College of Louisiana, which awarded him an honorary doctorate. In 2021 he received the American Geophysical Union's Robert C. Cowen Award for Sustained Achievement in Science Journalism, which celebrates a career of outstanding reporting on the Earth and space sciences. He has appeared on NBC's Meet the Press, CNN, the History Channel, NPR News and many news radio stations. Follow Fischetti on X (formerly Twitter) @markfischetti

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