鼻子知道:瘧蚊如何嗅出人類目標 [幻燈片]

研究人員正在更多地瞭解主要瘧蚊甘比亞按蚊如何利用其嗅覺器官來尋找人類目標;這項工作涉及來自掃描電子顯微鏡的驚人影像

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科學家們從未完全瞭解蚊子如何區分人類呼吸和汗液的氣味與自然界中的其他氣味。為了瞭解更多,耶魯大學的分子生物學家約翰·卡爾森及其同事依賴於一種果蠅突變株。一系列編碼嗅覺受體的蚊子基因被單獨移植到果蠅體內,這些果蠅具有缺乏嗅覺受體的“空”的嗅覺檢測神經元。

每個基因都導致神經元產生一種蚊子受體,該受體與具有特定形狀的氣味分子結合。卡爾森的團隊然後一次向果蠅呈現一種氣味分子。如果受體抓住了該氣味劑,神經元就會向大腦傳送訊號,表明氣味的存在,並且植入神經元旁邊的電極揭示了反應。

透過這種方式,卡爾森的實驗室測試了 50 種不同的蚊子嗅覺檢測器,針對 110 種氣味劑。實驗表明,一小組嗅覺檢測器被高度調整為僅感知少數幾個人類氣味。識別可以欺騙或阻斷調諧受體的化學物質可以改進誘捕器和驅蟲劑,從而有助於減少瘧疾的傳播。


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卡爾森的同事們已經拍攝了瘧蚊嗅覺器官的非常詳細的影像,此處展示。

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注意:圖片由範德比爾特大學的 R. Jason Pitts 和 Laurence J. Zwiebel 提供,發表於《瘧疾雜誌》,5:26,2006 年 3 月 30 日,標題為“具有不同宿主範圍的兩種雌性按蚊同胞物種的觸角感器”。

Mark Fischetti has been a senior editor at 大眾科學 for 17 years and has covered sustainability issues, including climate, weather, environment, energy, food, water, biodiversity, population, and more. He assigns and edits feature articles, commentaries and news by journalists and scientists and also writes in those formats. He edits History, the magazine's department looking at science advances throughout time. He was founding managing editor of two spinoff magazines: 大眾科學 Mind and 大眾科學 Earth 3.0. His 2001 freelance article for the magazine, "Drowning New Orleans," predicted the widespread disaster that a storm like Hurricane Katrina would impose on the city. His video What Happens to Your Body after You Die?, has more than 12 million views on YouTube. Fischetti has written freelance articles for the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, Smithsonian, Technology Review, Fast Company, and many others. He co-authored the book Weaving the Web with Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, which tells the real story of how the Web was created. He also co-authored The New Killer Diseases with microbiologist Elinor Levy. Fischetti is a former managing editor of IEEE Spectrum Magazine and of Family Business Magazine. He has a physics degree and has twice served as the Attaway Fellow in Civic Culture at Centenary College of Louisiana, which awarded him an honorary doctorate. In 2021 he received the American Geophysical Union's Robert C. Cowen Award for Sustained Achievement in Science Journalism, which celebrates a career of outstanding reporting on the Earth and space sciences. He has appeared on NBC's Meet the Press, CNN, the History Channel, NPR News and many news radio stations. Follow Fischetti on X (formerly Twitter) @markfischetti

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