東北風暴炸彈襲擊東海岸,多虧了雷克斯阻塞。蛤?

好吧,它不是臭名昭著的極地渦旋,但是居住在新英格蘭海岸的人們即將被“東北風暴炸彈”襲擊。而且它是由五天前的“雷克斯阻塞”造成的。我可不是在編造。

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好吧,它不是臭名昭著的極地渦旋,但是居住在新英格蘭海岸的人們即將被“東北風暴炸彈”襲擊。而且它是由五天前的“雷克斯阻塞”造成的。我可不是在編造。

上週末,天氣預報員們驚歎於一場潛在的史無前例的風暴,這場風暴是由兩個碰撞的天氣系統造成的,可能會以極低的溫度和數英尺深的積雪襲擊整個東北部地區。截至今天,碰撞發生在更遠的北大西洋,使該國大部分地區倖免於難,但它仍將襲擊科德角、波士頓和緬因州東部,以及加拿大東部。

那麼,預報員們是在使用編造的語言嗎——這是最近的一個問題,天氣服務部門在每一陣小雪和颳風的日子都貼上名字?不,雷克斯和炸彈是合法的氣象術語。


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“炸彈”是指天氣系統中大氣壓力在24小時內下降超過24毫巴。從角度來看,東北海岸的典型壓力可能在1012毫巴左右,但不需要太大的下降就會加劇風暴。地球上最大颶風的最低壓力,如桑迪,達到940毫巴左右。因此,24毫巴的下降幅度很大,當它在不到24小時內發生時,氣象學家會感到興奮,因為這很罕見。

在這種情況下,這場風暴即將成為東北風暴——一個位於東北海岸附近的低壓中心,它逆時針旋轉,將風從大西洋吹向內陸。因此,這對動態組合被稱為東北風暴炸彈。壓力預計將降至980毫巴甚至960毫巴。無論它是否降到那麼低,壓力下降都是陡峭且受限的,這會導致強風,科德角和緬因州的風速可能超過每小時60英里。

這一切是怎麼發生的?水分從墨西哥灣的一個系統中向北移動,但寒冷是由——是的,雷克斯阻塞造成的。這個術語描述了一個巨大的壓力中心,它可能會卡在某個地方。在這種情況下,那個地方位於阿拉斯加和西海岸上部,這迫使急流從北極向美國中東部地區大幅俯衝。當該系統與來自墨西哥灣的潮溼系統碰撞時,兩者結合並開始旋轉,降低了內部壓力並吸收水分,將其變成雪。如果您想了解更多關於雷克斯的細節,請參閱氣象學家埃裡克·霍爾特豪斯上週在Slate上寫的一篇不錯的部落格

最新的這個炸彈只是急流表現異常的又一個例子,因為我們的氣候正在變化。正如霍爾特豪斯指出的那樣,儘管東北部很冷,但地球的其他地方並不冷。他說,預計未來幾周全球平均氣溫將高於正常水平。

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Mark Fischetti has been a senior editor at 大眾科學 for 17 years and has covered sustainability issues, including climate, weather, environment, energy, food, water, biodiversity, population, and more. He assigns and edits feature articles, commentaries and news by journalists and scientists and also writes in those formats. He edits History, the magazine's department looking at science advances throughout time. He was founding managing editor of two spinoff magazines: 大眾科學 Mind and 大眾科學 Earth 3.0. His 2001 freelance article for the magazine, "Drowning New Orleans," predicted the widespread disaster that a storm like Hurricane Katrina would impose on the city. His video What Happens to Your Body after You Die?, has more than 12 million views on YouTube. Fischetti has written freelance articles for the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, Smithsonian, Technology Review, Fast Company, and many others. He co-authored the book Weaving the Web with Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, which tells the real story of how the Web was created. He also co-authored The New Killer Diseases with microbiologist Elinor Levy. Fischetti is a former managing editor of IEEE Spectrum Magazine and of Family Business Magazine. He has a physics degree and has twice served as the Attaway Fellow in Civic Culture at Centenary College of Louisiana, which awarded him an honorary doctorate. In 2021 he received the American Geophysical Union's Robert C. Cowen Award for Sustained Achievement in Science Journalism, which celebrates a career of outstanding reporting on the Earth and space sciences. He has appeared on NBC's Meet the Press, CNN, the History Channel, NPR News and many news radio stations. Follow Fischetti on X (formerly Twitter) @markfischetti

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