日本兩個不相容的電網使災後恢復更加困難

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日本發生的巨大災難摧毀了該國部分電力系統,特別是六個仍然關閉的福島第一核電站反應堆。因此,該國公用事業公司無法產生足夠的電力來滿足需求,因此他們正在使用輪流停電,以便每天為每個人提供一部分電力。這種策略正在削弱工業——當工廠每天突然停電幾個小時時,很難運營汽車或電視工廠。停電使通勤變得複雜,因此工人無法按時上班,這進一步削弱了製造業。諸如此類。

令人難以置信的是,日本西南部地區在地震和海嘯中基本倖免於難,卻無法幫助遭受重創的東北部地區,因為該國這兩個區域的電網是分開執行且互不相容的。正如NPR 在 3 月 24 日報道,西南部地區實際上可以生產過剩電力,但那裡的輸配電系統以 60 赫茲執行,而東北部地區的電網以 50 赫茲執行。這種尷尬的情況,在上面的日本地圖上清晰可見(藍色為 60 赫茲,紅色為 50 赫茲),是歷史遺留的怪現象:“東部”,在日本被稱為“東部”,其電網是基於德國的 50 赫茲系統建立的,而“西部”則採用了美國的 60 赫茲系統。(類似的地圖的英文改編版在此。)

將電力從一個系統轉換為另一個系統是一項複雜的任務,需要龐大而高度靈敏的機械裝置。該國只有少數幾個微薄的“互聯”設施可以完成這項工作,其容量遠不足以最大限度地減少輪流停電的需求。


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美國的情況沒有那麼引人注目,但也同樣不穩定。美國分為三個電網。所有三個電網都以 60 赫茲執行,但同樣,區域之間只有少數互聯點存在。如果美國要從在多風的高平原建造大型風力發電場或在陽光明媚的西南部建造大型太陽能發電場中獲益,這些站點將不得不得到顯著加強更多和更大的互聯點也將允許各區域之間“輸送”大量電力,以幫助最大限度地減少風暴造成的停電。更好的互聯互通也有助於可能面臨超出其容量危險的公用事業公司(例如,德克薩斯州,在八月份沉重的空調負荷下不堪重負)從另一個有盈餘的地區(也許是同一天涼爽的明尼蘇達州)獲得一些額外的電力。

地圖由 Tosaka 提供,透過 WikiMedia Commons

Mark Fischetti has been a senior editor at 大眾科學 for 17 years and has covered sustainability issues, including climate, weather, environment, energy, food, water, biodiversity, population, and more. He assigns and edits feature articles, commentaries and news by journalists and scientists and also writes in those formats. He edits History, the magazine's department looking at science advances throughout time. He was founding managing editor of two spinoff magazines: 大眾科學 Mind and 大眾科學 Earth 3.0. His 2001 freelance article for the magazine, "Drowning New Orleans," predicted the widespread disaster that a storm like Hurricane Katrina would impose on the city. His video What Happens to Your Body after You Die?, has more than 12 million views on YouTube. Fischetti has written freelance articles for the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, Smithsonian, Technology Review, Fast Company, and many others. He co-authored the book Weaving the Web with Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, which tells the real story of how the Web was created. He also co-authored The New Killer Diseases with microbiologist Elinor Levy. Fischetti is a former managing editor of IEEE Spectrum Magazine and of Family Business Magazine. He has a physics degree and has twice served as the Attaway Fellow in Civic Culture at Centenary College of Louisiana, which awarded him an honorary doctorate. In 2021 he received the American Geophysical Union's Robert C. Cowen Award for Sustained Achievement in Science Journalism, which celebrates a career of outstanding reporting on the Earth and space sciences. He has appeared on NBC's Meet the Press, CNN, the History Channel, NPR News and many news radio stations. Follow Fischetti on X (formerly Twitter) @markfischetti

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