缺少腿?對蜘蛛來說不算什麼大問題

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本文發表於《大眾科學》的前部落格網路,僅反映作者的觀點,不一定反映《大眾科學》的觀點


[caption id="attachment_179" align="alignleft" width="275" caption="雄性Schizocosa sp. CC許可照片由Marshall Hedin在Flickr上提供(點選檢視完整照片)。"]

當我們的新聞編輯在推特上詢問“這個六條腿的蜘蛛玩意”是什麼動物時?她的問題在不到一分鐘內就被昆蟲學家解答了。它確實是一隻不幸的蜘蛛,失去了兩條腿。雖然羅賓可能對這個可憐的小傢伙感到擔憂或同情,但她不必害怕,因為蜘蛛經常會自行截斷一條腿。當然,再生過程可能會讓蜘蛛在野外更加脆弱。值得慶幸的是,她的小朋友在《大眾科學》辦公室的範圍內可能會安全得多。

蜘蛛可能會截斷它們的腿作為一種防禦策略,但尚不清楚存在哪些權衡。例如,如果一隻蜘蛛截斷了它的腿並經歷了再生,未來的繁殖會受到影響嗎?它是否更容易受到捕食?它的移動性或競爭力是否會下降?


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在Wrinn和Uetz於2007年進行的一項研究中,腿部再生會使蜘蛛處於生理和發育劣勢的假設得到了檢驗。作者檢查了野外狼蛛(Schizocosa ocreata,類似於上圖)的自截頻率以及與大小、質量和生理狀況的關係。此外,他們進行了實驗室實驗,以檢驗腿部再生會特別損害覓食、減少生長或影響發育時間的假設。

他們收集的野外資料表明,腿部缺失會損害覓食能力,這體現在質量、大小和生理狀況的下降上,正如人們所預期的那樣。實驗室實驗也表明了額外的權衡。雖然不顯著,但再生腿部的蜘蛛平均需要多花3.7天才能蛻皮,而蛻皮是它們為了生長而必須定期進行的。一個有趣的觀察是

“儘管蜘蛛似乎表現出再生的代價,但完整蜘蛛和再生蜘蛛之間在蛻皮間隔、大小和質量方面的差異僅在自截後的第一次蛻皮中是真實的。在自截後的第二次蛻皮期間,再生蜘蛛能夠透過縮短蛻皮間隔或增加生長來補償之前的代價。”

看來這些蜘蛛很快就能恢復,將與腿部缺失和再生相關的代價降到僅一次蛻皮。另一個權衡是發育時間和質量之間的權衡。再生導致更長的蛻皮時間或更低的質量,但不會兩者兼有。再生是一種引人入勝的現象。選擇改進的再生能力是有代價的,但顯然對於個體而言,代價並沒有超過繼續生存和繁殖的好處。我們的新聞編輯不必為這隻可憐的蜘蛛的殘疾感到擔憂。它應該很快就能回到蜘蛛工作崗位上!

Wrinn, K., & Uetz, G. (2007). Impacts of leg loss and regeneration on body condition, growth, and development time in the wolf spider Schizocosa ocreata. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 85 (7), 823-831 DOI: 10.1139/Z07-063

 

About Kevin Zelnio

Kevin has a M.Sc. degree in biology from Penn State, a B.Sc. in Evolution and Ecology from University of California, Davis, and has worked at as a researcher at several major marine science institutions. His broad academic research interests have encompassed population genetics, biodiversity, community ecology, food webs and systematics of invertebrates at deep-sea chemosynthetic environments and elsewhere. Kevin has described several new species of anemones and shrimp. He is now a freelance writer, independent scientist and science communications consultant living near the Baltic coast of Sweden in a small, idyllic village.

Kevin is also the assistant editor and webmaster for Deep Sea News, where he contributes articles on marine science. His award-winning writing has been appeared in Seed Magazine, The Open Lab: Best Writing on Science Blogs (2007, 2009, 2010), Discovery Channel, ScienceBlogs, and Environmental Law Review among others. He spends most of his time enjoying the company of his wife and two kids, hiking, supporting local breweries, raising awareness for open access, playing guitar and songwriting. You can read up more about Kevin and listen to his music at his homepage, where you can also view his CV and Résumé, and follow him twitter and Google +.

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