理解冬眠

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圖片來源:Richard Concepcion

對於某些哺乳動物來說,睡眠是應對冬季寒冷的唯一方法。雖然這種冬眠策略很常見,但它並非易事。在進入漫長的冬眠之前,哺乳動物的體溫會降至接近冰點。在冬眠期間,動物會週期性地醒來、回暖,然後又沉入寒冷的睡眠中。科學家們一直未能理解的是,動物的身體究竟是如何在不受傷的情況下承受如此快速的溫度變化的:細胞膜通常容易受到冷損傷,這會導致其某些成分分離。《自然》雜誌今天發表的一篇論文闡明瞭這個問題。

美國國立衛生研究院的研究人員從冬眠的地松鼠身上採集了冷睡眠和溫暖覺醒期間的組織樣本,以研究其神經系統細胞內部的結構變化。結果表明,光學顯微鏡和電子顯微鏡揭示了一個奇特的差異。當松鼠處於寒冷狀態時,它們的細胞顯示出小裂縫;當溫暖時,則沒有。這些裂縫似乎對應於細胞內膜的脂質和蛋白質成分的重組。在寒冷中,蛋白質從膜的飽和脂肪酸(會凝固)中移開,轉而移動到不飽和脂肪酸(保持液態)的區域。透過這種方式,蛋白質可以繼續執行其維持生命的活動。作者表示,理解這種可逆的、溫度誘導的重組“應有助於研究嚴寒對非冬眠物種(包括人類)的影響以及細胞的冷凍儲存”。

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大眾科學 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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