變色龍的秘密武器

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來源:凱特·王

飢餓的變色龍只需閃電般地伸出舌頭,就能獲取晚餐。生物學家長期以來一直認為,其舌頭粗糙、粘稠的特性使這種壯舉成為可能。這些機制可能足以捕捉某些小型昆蟲,但有些變色龍捕食鳥類和蜥蜴——這些生物的重量可達捕食者自身體重的10%左右。即使在昆蟲中,有些昆蟲也太光滑,變色龍的舌頭無法鎖定。那麼,變色龍的秘密是什麼呢?根據本月出版的《實驗生物學雜誌》上發表的一份報告,答案是吸力。

由於變色龍伸出舌頭的速度超過了人眼所能跟蹤的速度,研究人員一直無法確定捕食過程中究竟發生了什麼。但是,在安特衛普大學的安東尼·J·赫雷爾及其同事的幫助下,藉助高速X射線影片,他們已經弄清了事件的順序。當舌頭伸出時,舌尖是凸起的,像一顆子彈。然而,就在舌頭到達獵物之前,舌頭內部被稱為囊收縮肌的肌肉收縮,將舌尖倒轉成類似吸盤的東西。接觸時,吸盤夾住獵物,產生吸力效應。粘性在捕食中確實起著重要作用,但研究小組發現,囊收縮肌控制神經被切斷的變色龍無法進食,這表明吸力是一個關鍵機制。

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大眾科學 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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