南極穩定冰層突然加速融化

多條先前凍結的冰川正向海洋注入大量的水

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由於南極洲一個新近穩定的區域突然開始快速融化,全球海平面將比預期上升得更高。對衛星資料的分析表明,雖然南極半島南部由多條冰川組成的巨大冰蓋在2000年至2009年間堅如磐石,但自那以後,它已開始迅速融化。這些冰川沿著750公里的海岸線延伸,每年向海洋傾瀉60立方公里的冰,大約相當於每年70,000座帝國大廈的冰量。

這一快速流失的開始“令我們感到驚訝,”英國布里斯托大學的研究員伯特·沃特斯說。他是該分析的負責人,該分析發表在5月22日的《科學》雜誌上。他說,在短短幾年內,該地區的動態“完全改變了”。

透過CryoSat 2衛星上的遙感儀器測量,一些冰川的表面每年下降多達4米。冰的損失如此之大,以至於它也引起了地球引力場的變化,這些變化已被GRACE(重力恢復和氣候實驗)衛星檢測到。


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沃特斯說,冰川的快速消失並非由年降雪量減少或氣溫升高引起。它是由冰架的變薄引起的;陸地上笨重的冰川片過渡為漂浮在海洋上的大型、扁平的冰架。當冰架很厚時,它們會減緩甚至阻止與其相連的冰川在重力作用下緩慢滑入大海。但是,如果冰架變得太薄,它們就無法再阻止陸地上巨大的冰體,冰川就會加速進入海洋。這種機制已經使南極洲其他地區的冰川加快了向海洋推進的速度。

總體而言,自20世紀90年代初以來,南極半島南部的冰架厚度已損失了近五分之一。科學家說,可能的原因是由於氣候變化導致南大洋風向發生變化。風向的轉變正在將較暖的海水推向冰架,從下方融化它們,並沿著海岸融化冰川冰。沃特斯說,大約在2009年,冰架變薄和冰川融化“超過了臨界閾值,觸發了突然的冰損失”。

隨著冰蓋繼續變薄,融化速度可能會繼續上升。另一個地理特徵可能會發揮更大的作用。冰川下的陸地,在海岸線處已經低於海平面,在內陸的海拔高度甚至更低。當冰川在前緣融化時,海水可能會在退縮的冰體下向下流動,進一步融化它。

沃特斯的研究團隊發現,由於這些因素,在短短幾年內,南極半島南部已成為南極洲海平面上升的第二大貢獻者。他說,第一個是阿蒙森海區域,每年向海洋注入100至120立方公里的冰。沃特斯擔心,南半島在不久的將來可能會發揮更大的作用。他說,阿蒙森海區域可能在20世紀70年代開始流失冰,損失速度逐漸增加。他指出,在南半島,這種變化“要快得多”。他還補充說,“一旦啟動了動態的冰損失,”就“很難阻止”。

Mark Fischetti has been a senior editor at 大眾科學 for 17 years and has covered sustainability issues, including climate, weather, environment, energy, food, water, biodiversity, population, and more. He assigns and edits feature articles, commentaries and news by journalists and scientists and also writes in those formats. He edits History, the magazine's department looking at science advances throughout time. He was founding managing editor of two spinoff magazines: 大眾科學 Mind and 大眾科學 Earth 3.0. His 2001 freelance article for the magazine, "Drowning New Orleans," predicted the widespread disaster that a storm like Hurricane Katrina would impose on the city. His video What Happens to Your Body after You Die?, has more than 12 million views on YouTube. Fischetti has written freelance articles for the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, Smithsonian, Technology Review, Fast Company, and many others. He co-authored the book Weaving the Web with Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, which tells the real story of how the Web was created. He also co-authored The New Killer Diseases with microbiologist Elinor Levy. Fischetti is a former managing editor of IEEE Spectrum Magazine and of Family Business Magazine. He has a physics degree and has twice served as the Attaway Fellow in Civic Culture at Centenary College of Louisiana, which awarded him an honorary doctorate. In 2021 he received the American Geophysical Union's Robert C. Cowen Award for Sustained Achievement in Science Journalism, which celebrates a career of outstanding reporting on the Earth and space sciences. He has appeared on NBC's Meet the Press, CNN, the History Channel, NPR News and many news radio stations. Follow Fischetti on X (formerly Twitter) @markfischetti

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