根部真菌儲存了土壤中令人驚訝的碳量

落葉和樹枝很重要,但根系及其真菌更勝一籌

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森林地面可以儲存大量大氣中的碳,有助於限制由二氧化碳排放導致的全球變暖。科學家們認為,大部分碳儲存在吸收碳的樹葉和樹枝中,這些物質最終落到地面並緩慢分解成土壤。然而,瑞典的一項新研究表明,土壤中 50% 到 70% 的碳實際上來自樹根和生長在其上的真菌。

這一令人驚訝的見解來自瑞典農業科學大學的卡琳娜·克萊門森及其同事,他們研究了瑞典北部湖泊 30 個島嶼上的北方森林。這些森林在過去的 5000 年裡經歷了不同次數的火災,在不同的森林地面上形成了各種土壤成分。比較表明,土壤中儲存的碳量與沿著樹根系統生長並幫助其保持健康的菌根真菌有關。

克萊門森在回覆電子郵件提問時寫道:“這些真菌與植物根系共生,並將植物光合作用產生的碳直接輸送到土壤中。”她解釋說:“普遍的觀點一直是地上植物凋落物(枯針和木材)是北方森林土壤中碳儲存的主要來源。”但她的研究結果表明,“北方森林中儲存的大部分碳實際上是透過根系及其相關的菌根真菌從地下進入土壤的。”


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根據克萊門森團隊 3 月 29 日在《科學》雜誌上發表的一篇論文,北方森林土壤是一個主要的匯,佔全球土壤中所有固碳量的 16%。該發現最直接的意義在於,氣候模型應該進行修訂,以考慮真菌所起的作用。克萊門森寫道,修訂後的模型將更精確地預測森林管理實踐(如疏伐樹木)和環境變化如何影響碳儲存。

還需要更多的研究來確定,全球範圍內更多的老樹(所謂的原始森林)是否意味著碳儲存的增加。隨著樹木的年齡增長,它們分配給根部真菌的碳減少,然而,來自古老的、死亡的真菌的殘留物比土壤中死亡的針葉和木材更緊密地吸附碳。然而,其他研究表明,菌根真菌會分解土壤中的有機物,從而釋放碳。克萊門森寫道,這些因素如何相互作用形成穩定的土壤“是一個非常有趣和引人入勝的問題,我們還沒有答案。” 明確的是,菌根真菌對碳固存的重要性遠超任何人的認識。

Mark Fischetti has been a senior editor at 大眾科學 for 17 years and has covered sustainability issues, including climate, weather, environment, energy, food, water, biodiversity, population, and more. He assigns and edits feature articles, commentaries and news by journalists and scientists and also writes in those formats. He edits History, the magazine's department looking at science advances throughout time. He was founding managing editor of two spinoff magazines: 大眾科學 Mind and 大眾科學 Earth 3.0. His 2001 freelance article for the magazine, "Drowning New Orleans," predicted the widespread disaster that a storm like Hurricane Katrina would impose on the city. His video What Happens to Your Body after You Die?, has more than 12 million views on YouTube. Fischetti has written freelance articles for the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, Smithsonian, Technology Review, Fast Company, and many others. He co-authored the book Weaving the Web with Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, which tells the real story of how the Web was created. He also co-authored The New Killer Diseases with microbiologist Elinor Levy. Fischetti is a former managing editor of IEEE Spectrum Magazine and of Family Business Magazine. He has a physics degree and has twice served as the Attaway Fellow in Civic Culture at Centenary College of Louisiana, which awarded him an honorary doctorate. In 2021 he received the American Geophysical Union's Robert C. Cowen Award for Sustained Achievement in Science Journalism, which celebrates a career of outstanding reporting on the Earth and space sciences. He has appeared on NBC's Meet the Press, CNN, the History Channel, NPR News and many news radio stations. Follow Fischetti on X (formerly Twitter) @markfischetti

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