俄亥俄州地震可能由水力壓裂廢水引起

將廢水注入地下是主要嫌疑,可能加劇與水力壓裂相關的地震擔憂

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俄亥俄州揚斯敦的居民在聖誕節前夕和新年除夕都收到了一份額外的“驚喜”——地震,震級分別為里氏2.7級和4.0級。沒有人員傷亡,12月31日的地震事件後僅報告了幾起輕微損壞。

科學家們很快確定,可能的罪魁禍首是水力壓裂——儘管不是從鑽探到深層頁岩或使用加壓水和化學物質進行裂解來獲取天然氣。相反,他們懷疑是這些作業產生的廢水的處理,即將其泵回同樣深度的砂岩中。

水力壓裂是全國天然氣生產繁榮的一部分,如果能夠對地下廣闊的頁岩進行水力壓裂,天然氣可以很容易地替代家庭取暖用油,並可能減少對外國化石燃料的依賴。對水力壓裂的反對主要源於擔心該技術可能會汙染飲用水源。


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2011年3月至11月期間,在北極星廢物處理服務公司運營的廢水注入井的8公里半徑範圍內已經發生了九次小地震。由於地震在揚斯敦地區非常罕見,俄亥俄州自然資源部於11月要求哥倫比亞大學的拉蒙特-多爾蒂地球觀測站 (LDEO) 在附近放置移動地震儀,以便更好地確定發生了什麼。拉蒙特-多爾蒂地球觀測站的約翰·阿姆布魯斯特於11月30日安裝了四個地震儀。

透過對四個臺站的震波到達時間進行三角測量,阿姆布魯斯特和他的同事們僅用一兩天的時間就以95%的把握確定,兩次假日地震的震中彼此相距不到100米,並且距離注入井不到0.8公里。該團隊還確定,地震是由沿注入點大致相同深度(近三公里深)的斷層滑動引起的。

儘管拉蒙特-多爾蒂地球觀測站的科學家們並沒有說泵送導致了地震,但在靠近深井注入井的其他走滑地震中,注入液已被牽連在內。本質上,液體可以在兩個相鄰的巖面之間充當潤滑劑,幫助它們沿邊界突然滑動。科學家們表示,揚斯敦的注入已進行了一年,即使不再新增液體,隨後仍可能在一年內繼續發生地震。俄亥俄州立法者已要求北極星停止運營,直至完成全面調查;該公司已同意,但未公開談論此事。

有關最新的科學和關於水力壓裂的辯論,包括該做法在11月14日導致俄克拉荷馬城附近發生5.6級地震的不太可能的情況,請參閱我們正在進行的Storify檔案,該檔案每週更新。紐約州的訊息再次升溫,因為關於擬議公眾意見的截止日期是1月11日,而州環境保護部允許水力壓裂的規定可能會隨之而來。

圖片來自Flickr上domesticat提供的地震儀

Mark Fischetti has been a senior editor at 大眾科學 for 17 years and has covered sustainability issues, including climate, weather, environment, energy, food, water, biodiversity, population, and more. He assigns and edits feature articles, commentaries and news by journalists and scientists and also writes in those formats. He edits History, the magazine's department looking at science advances throughout time. He was founding managing editor of two spinoff magazines: 大眾科學 Mind and 大眾科學 Earth 3.0. His 2001 freelance article for the magazine, "Drowning New Orleans," predicted the widespread disaster that a storm like Hurricane Katrina would impose on the city. His video What Happens to Your Body after You Die?, has more than 12 million views on YouTube. Fischetti has written freelance articles for the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, Smithsonian, Technology Review, Fast Company, and many others. He co-authored the book Weaving the Web with Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, which tells the real story of how the Web was created. He also co-authored The New Killer Diseases with microbiologist Elinor Levy. Fischetti is a former managing editor of IEEE Spectrum Magazine and of Family Business Magazine. He has a physics degree and has twice served as the Attaway Fellow in Civic Culture at Centenary College of Louisiana, which awarded him an honorary doctorate. In 2021 he received the American Geophysical Union's Robert C. Cowen Award for Sustained Achievement in Science Journalism, which celebrates a career of outstanding reporting on the Earth and space sciences. He has appeared on NBC's Meet the Press, CNN, the History Channel, NPR News and many news radio stations. Follow Fischetti on X (formerly Twitter) @markfischetti

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