奈米技術用於新器官

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科學家們已經朝著創造人類器官(如肝臟和腎臟)邁出了可能關鍵的一步。麻省理工學院和哈佛醫學院的研究人員從人體自身的血管系統獲得啟發,構建了一種微型裝置,能夠為器官細胞供應氧氣和營養。

近期製造新器官的努力成果有限。雖然研究人員已經成功製造出皮膚和軟骨,但功能性重要器官仍然難以實現。麻省理工學院的穆罕默德·卡澤姆普爾-莫弗拉德 (Mohammad Kaazempur-Mofrad) 解釋說,問題在於,儘管傳統的組織工程方法為組織細胞提供了支架,但它們沒有提供滋養肝臟和腎臟等器官所需的血管支援。

為了解決這個問題,卡澤姆普爾-莫弗拉德和他的同事們使用分形計算模型來設計模擬實際血管複雜分支模式的網路。然後,他們將這些奈米網路蝕刻到矽表面上,矽表面反過來又充當生物相容性聚合物薄膜的模具。下一步是將微孔膜夾在兩層薄膜之間並將它們密封在一起。


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卡澤姆普爾-莫弗拉德昨天在紐約市舉行的美國微生物學會生物-微-奈米系統會議上報告說:“我們的微細加工裝置可以有效地為人類肝臟和腎臟細胞提供氧氣和營養,以維持它們在實驗室中至少一週的活力。” 在實驗中,摻入人工血管網路的腎臟細胞有 96% 存活了一週;肝臟細胞有 95% 存活了兩週。植入大鼠體內的肝臟系統持續了一週。

到目前為止,該團隊僅試驗了單層裝置,而不是研究人員認為代表一個可操作的肝臟所需的 30 到 50 層。“但最終目標,”卡澤姆普爾-莫弗拉德評論道,“是製造完整的功能性器官。”

"Less is More in Medicine," by A. Paul Alivisatos (大眾科學, September 2001), is available for purchase from 大眾科學 Digital. "Growing New Organs," by David J. Mooney and Antonios G. Mikos (大眾科學, April 1999), is available for purchase from 大眾科學 Digital. "Skin: The First Tissue-Engineered Products," by Nancy Parenteau and Gail Naughton (大眾科學, April 1999), is available for purchase from 大眾科學 Digital. "Tissue Engineering: The Challenges Ahead," by Robert S. Langer and Joseph P. Vacanti (大眾科學, April 1999), is available for purchase from 大眾科學 Digital.

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大眾科學 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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