夜行性鯰魚如何跟蹤捕食獵物

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捕食者有多種策略來定位獵物。有些靠視覺,有些靠聽覺,還有些甚至透過電訊號追蹤獵物。現在看來,有些水生捕獵者透過追蹤游泳魚類留下的尾跡來尋找食物。根據昨天在《美國國家科學院院刊》早期線上版上發表的研究結果,歐洲鯰魚利用獵物的尾跡,就像野狗追蹤陸地蹤跡一樣。

早期對魚類獵物定位的研究主要集中在視覺捕食者身上。然而,許多食魚魚類在夜間或視覺幾乎無用的深處捕獵。因此,德國康斯坦茨大學的生物學家克斯汀·波爾曼和她的同事們推測,這類魚可能正在利用獵物留下的尾跡中的化學和流體動力學線索來定位它們的下一餐。為了驗證這一點,該團隊研究了夜行性歐洲鯰魚在僅用紅外光照明的測試水族箱中跟蹤游泳孔雀魚的策略,在這種光線下鯰魚無法看見。

對捕食者和獵物游泳路徑的分析支援了該團隊的假設。首先,鯰魚跟隨的是孔雀魚留下的相當曲折的軌跡,而不是攔截其路徑並進行直接攻擊。該團隊還發現,鯰魚通常從後面攻擊。至於味覺、嗅覺或流體動力學刺激是否正在提供鯰魚在尾跡追蹤期間使用的訊號,還有待觀察。無論如何,研究人員斷言,“我們懷疑對這些線索的利用在透過水追蹤移動獵物的大型動物中很常見。”

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大眾科學 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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