最早離開非洲的人類不一定很聰明

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關於人類進化,一個長期存在的觀點認為,最早離開非洲的原始人類之所以能夠做到這一點,是因為他們比前人擁有更大的大腦、更長的腿和更精巧的工具。然而,幾年前,當在喬治亞的德馬尼西工作的古生物學家出土了迄今為止在非洲以外發現的最古老的人類遺骸——兩個屬於我們人類屬早期成員、距今170萬年的頭骨,並在其旁邊發現了原始工具時,這個觀點受到了重大打擊。現在,一項新的發現可能會推翻該理論的另一個支柱。根據本期《科學》雜誌的一篇報告,在同一地點工作的研究人員又找到第三個頭骨——一個大腦出奇地小的頭骨。

據第比利斯喬治亞科學院的團隊成員大衛·洛爾德基帕尼澤觀察,這塊儲存異常完好的化石,被命名為D2700,其特點是眉脊薄、鼻子短、犬齒大。D2700的顱內容積約為600立方厘米,大腦比德馬尼西的其他兩個人形動物(其頭骨的腦容量約為800立方厘米)小得多。但是,儘管存在尺寸差異,這三個樣本的整體形態相似。因此,研究人員認為,這些遺骸代表同一物種的成員,即直立人,儘管它們具有更原始的能人的某些特徵。該團隊認為,D2700個體很可能是一名女性,而另外兩個是男性。

只有時間和更多的化石才能揭示這些勇敢的旅行者是誰,以及他們為什麼離開他們的祖國。但正如古人類學中經常出現的情況一樣,新出現的圖景似乎比以前想象的要複雜得多。

"We Were Not Alone," by Ian Tattersall (大眾科學, January 2000), is available for purchase at the 大眾科學 Archive.

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大眾科學 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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