喙、鳴唱與物種形成

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觀察加拉帕戈斯群島 finches 雀類鳥喙形狀的多種多樣性,很明顯它們適應了不同的覓食任務——這是查爾斯·達爾文一個多世紀前首次提出的觀察結果。例如,低地鳥類進化出了較大的鳥喙,使它們能夠啄開堅硬的種子,而較小的森林鳥類則長有更精巧的鳥喙,用於吃昆蟲。但是,鳥喙的形狀不僅僅影響飲食。根據今天發表在《自然》雜誌上的一份報告,達爾文雀類的鳥喙塑造了它們的鳴唱,這反過來可能促進了物種形成。

馬薩諸塞大學的進化生物學家傑弗裡·波多斯分析了八種雀類鳥喙的結構和鳴唱的頻率結構。“鳥喙較大的鳥類本質上是在演奏笨重的樂器,而相比之下,鳥喙較小的鳥類應該更擅長作為音樂家,”波多斯預測道。他的觀察證實了這一點:鳥喙較小的鳥類鳴叫速度更快,並且能發出更廣泛的音符。因此,隨著鳥類的鳥喙適應不同的食物來源,它們的鳴唱也可能發生變化。波多斯說,由於雌性使用鳴唱來選擇配偶,因此這些交配訊號的多樣化可能會促進物種形成,這可以解釋加拉帕戈斯雀類所定義的輻射演化。

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大眾科學 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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