大氣河流可能引發加州大規模泥石流

南加州的山丘,被大規模野火夷為平地,可能在持續的降雨下液化

flooded field

2017年1月,加利福尼亞州舊金山的洪水區域。

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南加州即將被持續的降雨淹沒,對泥石流的擔憂日益嚴重。各大新聞臺、天氣頻道、網路媒體和社交媒體突然都在談論將給加州帶來連綿不斷的暴雨的“大氣河流”。這是什麼?它有多罕見?它可能構成多大的威脅?以下是一些答案。請看我們下面的圖表,這些圖表來自邁克爾·德廷格和林恩·英格拉姆在2013年1月《大眾科學》上發表的一篇精彩而有先見之明的專題文章。

不感興趣?1861年,一條大氣河流帶來了長達43天的風暴,將加州中央山谷變成了一個長300英里、寬20英里的內陸海。數千人死亡,80萬頭牛溺水身亡,該州破產。今天,類似的災難將更具破壞性,因為該地區人口更加稠密,而且是美國最大的單一食品生產商。

所以,也許1861年是個異數。事實並非如此。地質巖芯樣本顯示,自公元200年以來,加州大約每200年就會發生一次類似於1861年的極端洪水。下一次災難可能即將到來。西海岸實際上一直在緩慢建設大型、專業的、氣象觀測站,這些觀測站可以感知大氣河流的發展,以便預報員可以發出早期預警。


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大氣河流是一條延伸到數千英里外的海洋的蒸汽傳送帶,攜帶的水量相當於15條密西西比河。它以一系列持續數天或數週的風暴形式襲擊。每次風暴都可能傾瀉數英寸的雨水或數英尺的雪。氣象學家有時將小規模的事件稱為“菠蘿快車”,因為它們往往從夏威夷附近向美國西海岸呈直線流動。下面的圖表解釋了詳細資訊。

圖片來源:唐·弗利

過去兩千年裡,加州中部的一些地區一直是頻繁的目標。這是來自巖芯樣本的記錄,顯示大約每200年左右就會發生一次比任何菠蘿快車都大許多倍的災難性大氣河流。

圖片來源:珍·克里斯蒂安森(圖表);XNR製作公司(地圖

現在襲擊西海岸的大氣河流的流動模式是經典的。威斯康星大學麥迪遜分校維護著一個很棒的網站,該網站以即時方式顯示流量,每五分鐘更新一次。如果您想了解更多關於這些巨型風暴的資訊,請檢視德廷格和英格拉姆的專題文章

Mark Fischetti has been a senior editor at 大眾科學 for 17 years and has covered sustainability issues, including climate, weather, environment, energy, food, water, biodiversity, population, and more. He assigns and edits feature articles, commentaries and news by journalists and scientists and also writes in those formats. He edits History, the magazine's department looking at science advances throughout time. He was founding managing editor of two spinoff magazines: 大眾科學 Mind and 大眾科學 Earth 3.0. His 2001 freelance article for the magazine, "Drowning New Orleans," predicted the widespread disaster that a storm like Hurricane Katrina would impose on the city. His video What Happens to Your Body after You Die?, has more than 12 million views on YouTube. Fischetti has written freelance articles for the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, Smithsonian, Technology Review, Fast Company, and many others. He co-authored the book Weaving the Web with Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, which tells the real story of how the Web was created. He also co-authored The New Killer Diseases with microbiologist Elinor Levy. Fischetti is a former managing editor of IEEE Spectrum Magazine and of Family Business Magazine. He has a physics degree and has twice served as the Attaway Fellow in Civic Culture at Centenary College of Louisiana, which awarded him an honorary doctorate. In 2021 he received the American Geophysical Union's Robert C. Cowen Award for Sustained Achievement in Science Journalism, which celebrates a career of outstanding reporting on the Earth and space sciences. He has appeared on NBC's Meet the Press, CNN, the History Channel, NPR News and many news radio stations. Follow Fischetti on X (formerly Twitter) @markfischetti

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