遠古土壤暗示更早的陸地生命

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棲息于海洋的微生物已經存在了至少38億年。然而,它們究竟何時登上陸地一直不清楚。到目前為止,關於陸地生命最古老且無可爭議的證據來自亞利桑那州12億年前的化石。但今天在《自然》雜誌上描述的研究可能會將這個日期推後14億多年。根據該報告,在追溯到26億至27億年前的土壤中檢測到了有機物質。

賓夕法尼亞州立大學地球化學家大本洋和他的同事在南非普馬蘭加省的遠古土壤樣本中發現了所謂的還原碳。他們根據附近已知年代的礦床確定了土壤的年代。然後,在排除了碳來自很久以前形成的石墨晶體的可能性,或者它代表土壤形成後沉積的液態碳氫化合物(如石油)的可能性之後,該團隊對其起源只剩下一個解釋。他們說,碳可能來自古代細菌席。更重要的是,從它們的碳同位素值來看,這些菌席幾乎可以肯定是陸生的,這與在海洋沉積岩中發現的有機碳的碳同位素值截然不同。

至於是什麼型別的微生物形成了這些菌席,該團隊尚不確定。但它們很可能是有光合作用的藍綠藻。研究人員總結說,發現如此早期的陸地生物,“可能意味著臭氧層在26億多年前就在大氣中形成了。”

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大眾科學 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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