滑坡剖析

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有些滑坡以蝸牛般的速度向下坡移動,造成財產損失。然而,另一些滑坡則獲得了災難性的動量,並經常奪走生命。造成這種差異的原因是什麼?根據《科學》雜誌最近的一份報告,這很可能與土壤孔隙度的微小變化有關——也就是說,土壤的疏鬆程度。

為了解決這個問題,美國地質調查局的R. M. 艾弗森和他的同事們用一個傾斜的混凝土平臺覆蓋土壤,製作了一個模擬山坡。他們在上面佈滿了感測器,以跟蹤隨著“山體”被澆水時孔隙度和土壤運動的變化。結果是驚人的。向疏鬆的土壤(高孔隙度)中加水會導致孔隙收縮,從而增加孔隙水壓力並減少土壤顆粒之間的摩擦力。隨後發生了高速流動。然而,密度僅高十分之一的土壤(孔隙度較低)在澆水時經歷了孔隙擴張,從而降低了孔隙水壓力。因此,摩擦強度增加,導致蠕動流。“我們得出結論,孔隙壓力擴散很少能跟上土壤變形的速度,”該團隊寫道,“並且孔隙度的相對較小的變化可以深刻地影響滑坡行為。”

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大眾科學 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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