保護我們食物供應的 4 項技術

追蹤包裹和食物來源將加快召回速度並減少汙染風險

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編者注:我們釋出這篇來自 2007 年 9 月刊的故事,作為我們關於最近沙門氏菌爆發的深入報告的一部分。

如果天然病原體或作惡者汙染了食物,如果能快速檢測出受汙染的產品,然後追溯到其原產地,以便追蹤或召回剩餘批次,那麼就能拯救生命。以下正在開發的技術可能會有所幫助

微流體檢測器——肉毒梭菌產生已知最毒的毒素。它們和類似物質(如破傷風)可以透過微流體晶片(指甲大小的獨立診斷實驗室)在食品加工過程中檢測出來。威斯康星大學麥迪遜分校正在研製一種晶片,該晶片內襯有透過磁珠固定的抗體,可以在牛奶生產過程中檢測肉毒桿菌。該晶片可以在牛奶被輸送到離開乳品廠的油罐車之前或之後,以及在生產工廠進行巴氏消毒之前或之後對牛奶進行取樣。其他晶片可以在各種液體加工廠(如生產蘋果汁、湯或嬰兒配方奶粉的工廠)檢測其他毒素。


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主動包裝——大腸桿菌、沙門氏菌和其他病原體可以透過包裝上的小視窗進行檢測,例如肉類周圍的玻璃紙或花生醬周圍的塑膠罐。“智慧”視窗將包含與微生物產生的酶或代謝物結合的抗體,如果發生這種情況,貼片將變色。挑戰在於用可以安全接觸食物的材料和反應物製作視窗。如果內容物達到某個 pH 值或暴露於高溫,表明已變質,類似的生物感測器也會發生反應。它們還可以感知包裝是否被篡改,例如,透過對注射器施加的壓力或透過穿孔孔滲入的氧氣做出反應。

RFID 標籤——現在,一些精選食品的托盤或箱子帶有射頻識別 (RFID) 標籤,當掃描器讀取時,會指示該批次來自哪個農場或加工廠。未來更小、更智慧、更便宜的代幣可以裝飾單個包裝,並記錄它們經過的每個設施和時間。佛羅里達大學正在設計可以透過液體讀取的標籤(傳統設計無法讀取),因此可以嵌入酸奶油或酸奶容器的壁內。該大學還在開發可以記錄包裝暴露溫度的主動標籤。

食用標籤——製造商通常將來自多個種植者的作物(例如菠菜葉)組合到一個零售包裝中,因此貼在袋子上的標籤可能無助於調查人員將汙染追溯到特定來源。ARmark 認證技術可以使用由食用材料(例如纖維素、植物油或蛋白質)製成的噴霧,將指示原產地的微觀標記直接印在菠菜葉、蘋果或狗糧顆粒上。此外,微小的尺寸會讓恐怖分子難以偽造,使他們更難將摻有毒素的假冒食品偷偷帶過檢查員並進入供應鏈。作為替代方案,DataLase 可以用直徑為半英寸的食用薄膜噴塗柑橘類水果或肉類,然後用雷射束照射該薄膜,在薄膜內寫入識別碼。

Mark Fischetti has been a senior editor at 大眾科學 for 17 years and has covered sustainability issues, including climate, weather, environment, energy, food, water, biodiversity, population, and more. He assigns and edits feature articles, commentaries and news by journalists and scientists and also writes in those formats. He edits History, the magazine's department looking at science advances throughout time. He was founding managing editor of two spinoff magazines: 大眾科學 Mind and 大眾科學 Earth 3.0. His 2001 freelance article for the magazine, "Drowning New Orleans," predicted the widespread disaster that a storm like Hurricane Katrina would impose on the city. His video What Happens to Your Body after You Die?, has more than 12 million views on YouTube. Fischetti has written freelance articles for the New York Times, Sports Illustrated, Smithsonian, Technology Review, Fast Company, and many others. He co-authored the book Weaving the Web with Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web, which tells the real story of how the Web was created. He also co-authored The New Killer Diseases with microbiologist Elinor Levy. Fischetti is a former managing editor of IEEE Spectrum Magazine and of Family Business Magazine. He has a physics degree and has twice served as the Attaway Fellow in Civic Culture at Centenary College of Louisiana, which awarded him an honorary doctorate. In 2021 he received the American Geophysical Union's Robert C. Cowen Award for Sustained Achievement in Science Journalism, which celebrates a career of outstanding reporting on the Earth and space sciences. He has appeared on NBC's Meet the Press, CNN, the History Channel, NPR News and many news radio stations. Follow Fischetti on X (formerly Twitter) @markfischetti

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