免疫系統記憶

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在擊退感染後,人體的免疫系統會更進一步:它會記住入侵者,以便下次檢測到相同的病原體時,它可以發起迅速有效的反擊。這一點是已知的。然而,這些行動如何被控制的細節在很大程度上仍然是神秘的。但是今天發表在《科學》雜誌上的一份報告正在揭示這個問題。根據這項新的研究,先前已知參與對抗感染的兩種分子,穿孔素和干擾素γ,也控制著初始免疫反應和隨後的免疫記憶的大小和性質。

愛荷華大學的微生物學家約翰·哈蒂和他的同事測量了在基因工程改造的小鼠(這些小鼠缺乏穿孔素或干擾素γ,或同時缺乏這兩種分子)感染的不同階段,免疫系統細胞(稱為T細胞)的水平。他們發現,穿孔素控制著為對抗感染而產生的T細胞的數量;干擾素γ負責在T細胞征服入侵者後消除大部分這些細胞。(大約10%的T細胞被保留為記憶細胞。)哈蒂指出,這種T細胞死亡階段尤為重要,因為“它使我們能夠在不耗盡免疫系統的情況下對許多不同的病原體做出反應。”

“瞭解該系統的基本生物學是如何被調節的,可以深入瞭解我們如何操縱該系統,”哈蒂說。“在這些研究中,最終目標是學習如何操縱T細胞記憶的水平,這可能會帶來更好、更有效的疫苗接種。”

Kate Wong is an award-winning science writer and senior editor at 大眾科學 focused on evolution, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, paleontology and animal behavior. She is fascinated by human origins, which she has covered for more than 25 years. Recently she has become obsessed with birds. Her reporting has taken her to caves in France and Croatia that Neandertals once called home, to the shores of Kenya's Lake Turkana in search of the oldest stone tools in the world, to Madagascar on an expedition to unearth ancient mammals and dinosaurs, to the icy waters of Antarctica, where humpback whales feast on krill, and on a "Big Day" race around the state of Connecticut to find as many bird species as possible in 24 hours. Kate is co-author, with Donald Johanson, of Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. She holds a bachelor of science degree in biological anthropology and zoology from the University of Michigan. Follow Wong on X (formerly Twitter) @katewong

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